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Abstract

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate abnormalities in the retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer in patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy using optical coherence tomography and to examine their relationship with disease severity.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 74 participants, comprising 45 individuals with thyroid-associated orbitopathy and 29 healthy controls. All subjects underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination and optical coherence tomography using the Cirrus HD-OCT. The clinical activity score and the European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy severity were also evaluated.
RESULTS: In the thyroid-associated orbitopathy group, the mean peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was significantly reduced in the temporal quadrant (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in ganglion cell layer thickness across all sectors when compared with the control group. Besides, a significant correlation was observed between orbitopathy severity and decreased mean peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (p<0.001).
CONCLUSION: Optical coherence tomography may serve as a useful tool for identifying changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer in patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy, including in the inactive phase and prior to the clinical manifestation of dysthyroid optic neuropathy. It may be a helpful adjunct in monitoring disease progression.

Keywords: Graves’ ophthalmopathy; Optic nerve disorders; Retinal nerve fiber layer; Retinal ganglion cells; Optical coherence tomography

Abstract

PURPOSE: To quantitatively compare eyebrow and eyelid positions in anophthalmic sockets reconstructed with conical or spherical orbital implants combined with customized external ocular prostheses.
METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study included 38 patients with unilateral anophthalmic sockets, of whom 21 received conical implants, and 17 received spherical implants. Eyelid and eyebrow parameters—including margin reflex distance 1 and 2, vertical and horizontal palpebral fissure dimensions, eyebrow-to-upper-eyelid margin distance in primary gaze and infraduction, medial and lateral eyelid angles in primary gaze, and superior eyelid sulcus depth —were quantitatively assessed using standardized digital photographs analyzed with Image J software. The contralateral healthy eye served as the control. Statistical analyses were performed to compare measurements between groups.
RESULTS: In the primary gaze position, conical and spherical implants showed comparable margin-reflex distance1, margin-reflex distance2, vertical palpebral fissure height, eyelid margin position, and medial and lateral eyelid angles. During infraduction, the upper eyelid margin was significantly lower in sockets reconstructed with conical implants. Compared with contralateral normal eyes, anophthalmic sockets exhibited a reduced horizontal palpebral fissure and a deeper superior eyelid sulcus, irrespective of implant shape.
CONCLUSION: Anophthalmic sockets reconstructed with conical or spherical implants demonstrate similar eyebrow and eyelid positioning in primary gaze. However, conical implants are associated with a lower eyelid margin during infraduction. Independent of implant format, anophthalmic sockets show a narrower horizontal palpebral fissure and increased superior sulcus depth compared with normal eyes.

Keywords: Anophthalmos; Prosthesis implantation; Anophthalmic socket; Conical implants; Spherical implants; Orbital implants; Eyelid measurements